A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation , that provides all necessary details about that source of information.
Direct quotations should be surrounded by quotations marks and are generally used when the idea you want to capture is best expressed by the source. Paraphrasing and summarizing involve rewording an essential idea from someone else's work, usually to either condense the point or to make it better fit your writing style.
You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published. And you do not have to cite common knowledge , or information that most people in your audience would know without having to look it up. In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations usually appear as parenthetical notes sometimes called parenthetical documentation. They are called parenthetical notes because brief information about the source, usually the author's name, year of publication, and page number, is enclosed in parentheses as follows:.
In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations are associated with end-of-paper citations that provide full details about an information source. Note: Different source types and situations require different information within the parentheses. Refer to a style guide for the style you are using for details.
In Chicago and CSE styles, in-text citations usually appear as superscript numerals, or note numbers , as follows:. These note numbers are associated with full citations that can appear as footnotes bottom of page , endnotes end of chapter or paper , or lists of cited references at the end of the paper. End-of-paper citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, include full details about a source of information.
Citations contain different pieces of identifying information about your source depending on what type of source it is. Course Reserves Library materials reserved for your classes. Mobile Search Tools Mobile-optimized research databases and library-related mobile apps. Undergraduate Researcher Tutorial Self-paced online tutorial that introduces students to research skills and UW Libraries resources and services.
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News Events Exhibits What's going on at the Libraries: announcements, upcoming events, and current exhibits. Organization At-a-Glance Staff directory and info about the Office of the Dean and other library departments. The following situations almost always require citation:. Skip to content. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you are borrowing Why should I cite sources?
But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources: citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas citing sources shows the amount of research you've done citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas Doesn't citing make my work seem less original?
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