Which domains have dna

Panels B and C are compatible with the phylogenetic trees in Figs. A recent study on the occurrence of individual domains in bacterial, archaeal and eukaryal genomes showed that WHs are the third most common protein modules only after P-loop NTP-hydrolases and Rossmann folds []. Moreover, WH is used as a basic module, besides DNA replication, in proteins related with the other processes universally involved in the transmission of genetic information.

S4 is a key protein in the early steps of the assembly of the 30S particle, strongly interacting with the DnaK chaperone [] , as described for the WH domains in plasmid OBPs. These facts point out to the ancestral origin of both domains, most likely traceable back to LUCA []. Another possible scenario Fig. This hypothesis provides an example on how bacteria could have contributed to build the eukaryal nuclear genome [] an also implies that DnaA would be closer to the ancestral initiator, since it would conserve the original non-WH DBD.

Alternatively Fig. This would be more a macromolecular assembly than a multidomain OBP. Modern plasmid Rep OBPs, composed solely of WHs domains, would be thus a relict from the ancestral modular initiators found in proto-cells. The classic integrated view on the processes of transmission of the genetic information has been challenged by modern genomics, since protein sequence comparisons conclude that the set of genes for DNA replication in Bacteria clearly differs from that found in Archaea and Eukarya [ 8—10 ].

This divergence is specially noteworthy for the proteins that initiate chromosomal replication in Bacteria DnaA [ 38—40 ] and Eukarya the six subunits of the origin recognition complex, ORC [] which, in spite of their common function in binding to DNA replicators, lack significant sequence similarity. It has been recently found that the proteins that initiate DNA replication of plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria Rep and a C-terminal domain in a subunit of yeast ORC ScOrc4 are structurally related, in terms of protein sequence motifs, overall secondary structure, three-dimensional fold a WH domain and association state [].

In functional terms, Hsp70 chaperones might modulate the association state of either Rep or Orc4 in homo- or hetero-oligomeric initiation complexes, respectively []. It is noteworthy that interactions with chaperones are recently becoming relevant for the proper assembly of a growing number of cell factors into large functional complexes [ , ]. Plasmid RepA-type initiators form homo-oligomers when bound at their replication origins [20]. At the prokaryotic chromosomal origin oriC , the initiator protein DnaA also establishes homo-oligomeric assemblies [ 65—68 ].

The eukaryotic ORC is an hetero-oligomer of six different, although structurally related, subunits []. Thus the prokaryotic and eukaryotic OBPs would result to be variations of a unique macromolecular assembly, evolved to unwind origin DNA and then to load the factors that constitute the replication fork.

As it has been proposed in this review, to find common molecular traits among living organisms, with the aim either of gene annotation v. This would result in a broader coverage of the biodiversity, with additional benefits for both basic and applied research. Since the current bioinformatic tools, extensively used in comparative whole genome analyses [] , often fail to recognize consistent relationships between proteins if they are hidden behind low sequence similarity scores [] , future phylogenetics should rely as much on Proteomics broadly speaking as nowadays rest on Genomics.

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Related questions Explain the three domains of life. How can a classification scheme aid a scientist? How does classification differ from phylogeny? How does one remember classification of organisms? What classification is a worm?

PLoS Biol 8 1 : e The Archaea archaebacteria The Archaea possess the following characteristics: Archaea are prokaryotic cells. The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan.

Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Bacteria , but are sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya. The Bacteria and the Eukarya have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. The Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The Bacteria eubacteria Bacteria also known as eubacteria or "true bacteria" are prokaryotic cells that are common in human daily life, encounter many more times than the archaebacteria.

The Bacteria possess the following characteristics: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. The cell walls of Bacteria , unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan.

Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya. The Eukarya eukaryotes The Eukarya also spelled Eucarya possess the following characteristics: Eukarya have eukaryotic cells. Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan.

Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are sensitive to most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells. The Eukarya are subdivided into the following four kingdoms: Protista Kingdom: Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans. Fungi Kingdom: Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types.

The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.