The contact is quite distinct and lies between the top of the orange Tecovas shale and the base of the massive-bedded, cliff-forming Trujillo sandstone fig. Although generally fine grained and thickly bedded, there are local concentrations of pebble-sized rock fragments in the Trujillo.
The weathered surface of the lower sandstone is stained red or dark brown by iron oxides. However, a fresh, unweathered surface is typically gray or greenish gray in color, and careful examination of the unweathered rock reveals the presence of tiny flakes of mica. The basal Trujillo sandstone is one of the most conspicuous rock units in the canyon and forms many of the prominent benches and mesas so typical of the Palo Duro landscape. In places the sandstone is cross-bedded p. Red, maroon, and gray shales overlie the basal sandstone member of the Trujillo, and these shales are overlain by cross-bedded, coarse-grained sandstone.
Another interval of varicolored shales separates the middle sandstone bed from the upper sandstone member. The middle sandstone unit is a conspicuous ledge- or cliff-forming rock and is medium to coarse grained and commonly cross-bedded. In most localities, the upper sandstone is overlain by a section of red and green shales which mark the uppermost limits of the Trujillo Formation.
In places, however, this shale section has been removed by erosion and rocks of Tertiary age directly overlie the sandstone. Although fossils are not common, the remains of Buettneria fig.
Phytosaur remains, especially teeth, have also been collected from the Trujillo sandstones. The Indians who formerly inhabited the Palo Duro area p. This appears to be especially true of the rather coarse-grained Trujillo sandstones , which were commonly used for constructing primitive rock shelters. The abrasive surface of the sandstone was especially well suited for grinding grain, and mortar holes have been found in a number of places.
One of these fig. The Indians also used the clays of the Quartermaster, Tecovas, and Trujillo Formations to make pottery, and iron and copper minerals such as hematite and malachite were used to make red and green pigments for decoration and war paint. These erosional remnants are best developed where blocks of erosion-resistant sandstone protect underlying pedestals of softer shale fig.
This type of differential weathering p. The great jumble of boulders called the Rock Garden fig. These boulders accumulated on the canyon floor as a result of landslides. There is no record, for example, of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods which together encompass almost 24 million years of earth history.
Also missing is any evidence of what transpired during more than 90 percent of the Tertiary Period, for no rocks of Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, or Miocene age are exposed in the canyon. Together these four epochs comprise approximately 47 million years of earth history. It is impossible, of course, to determine how many geologic formations may have been formed and later eroded during the million years represented by this unconformity. However, our knowledge of present-day deposition and erosion suggests that the missing geologic record undoubtedly represents many thousands of feet of rock.
The skeleton of Buettneria , a large amphibian, found in Upper Triassic strata in the canyon. The lower portion of the Ogallala Formation is composed of a reddish-brown, fine- to medium-grained sandstone that contrasts sharply with the underlying red and green shales that are exposed in the top of the Trujillo Formation.
Much of this sandy rock is characterized by pebbles consisting of a variety of igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic rocks. Because it consists of rock and mineral fragments of varied composition and size, this kind of sedimentary rock is called a conglomerate.
The type of rock fragments found in basal Ogallala conglomerates suggests that they were transported to the Panhandle-Plains area by streams flowing southeastward from the Rocky Mountains. As these streams deposited their loads, they left behind a wide spread blanket of sand, gravel, and mud which formed an extensive alluvial plain that extended from western Nebraska to northwest Texas.
Although it is less than feet thick in Palo Duro Canyon, in places this great mantle of fluvial stream-deposited sediments is as much as feet thick. The depression in this boulder is a mortar hole believed to have been used by the Indians for grinding corn.
This pedestal rock , located near the Lighthouse, is capped by a slab of weather-resistant Trujillo sandstone. Most of the Ogallala Formation consists of a mixture of diverse rock types such as conglomerate , sandstone , siltstone , clay and marl. But the upper part of the formation is characterized by thick caliche deposits. A dull, earthy calcite deposit, caliche typically forms in areas of scant rainfall.
It is believed to originate when ground moisture, containing dissolved calcium bicarbonate, moves to the surface where the moisture steadily evaporates leaving a calcium carbonate crust on or near the surface fig. It is also commonly found mixed with other materials such as clay, sand, or gravel. Good exposures of Ogallala caliche can be seen on the surface around the overlook at Coronado Lodge on the northwest rim of the canyon fig. Ogallala strata also crop out along the upper reaches of Park Road 5 as it starts to descend into the canyon.
But probably the most spectacular exposures of the Ogallala are exposed in the precipitous face of the Fortress Cliff fig. Also located within the Ogallala Formation is a very important aquifer —a porous, water-bearing rock formation. This fine-to coarse-grained sandstone is very porous and permeable and is the most important single water-producing formation in the Panhandle-Plains area. The white surface in the right foreground consists of caliche p. Coronado Lodge can be seen in the right background.
Opal and chert are locally abundant in the Ogallala conglomerates. The opal, which is found in small cavities in the conglomerate is not of the gem variety but it does fluoresce. Minerals that exhibit fluorescence emit visible colors when exposed to ultraviolet light. For this reason, the Ogallala opal is sought after by rock and 27 mineral collectors. The chert, a flint-like variety of quartz, occurs as nodules in the conglomerate and in a well-developed layer near the base of the formation.
Both of these siliceous silica -bearing rocks were apparently prized by the Indians, who used them to fashion knives, scrapers, projectile points, and other artifacts. The Indians also learned that flat slabs of caliche were ideal for lining fireplaces and to construct primitive rock shelters. A number of Pliocene vertebrates have been found in the Palo Duro area.
Among these unusual creatures were such now-extinct species as the saber-tooth cat and the elephant-like shovel-jawed mastodon fig. The remains of these as well as bones of giraffe-like camels, pony-sized horses, and sloths have been found in the vicinity of the canyon.
The grassy plains of Pliocene time were also inhabited by large tortoises which reached lengths of up to 3 feet fig. Dioramas showing how these animals might have looked, as well as their actual remains, are on display in the Hall of Pre-History in the lower floor of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, 13 miles west of the park p.
This life-size model of a shovel-jawed mastodon is typical of the now-extinct, elephant-like creatures that lived in this area during the Pliocene Epoch. The carapaces of giant tortoises as much as 3 feet long have been collected from Pliocene rocks in the Palo Duro area. Pleistocene rocks are rather widespread in much of the Panhandle-Plains area and they are mostly composed of sediments which were deposited in stream valleys, in lakes or ponds, or by the wind. Most of the Pleistocene strata in the park area consist of loose deposits of silt and sand which were deposited by wind action.
The visitor seeing Palo Duro Canyon for the first time may find it difficult to believe that this yawning chasm began as a simple gully. But to the geomorphologist —the geologist who studies the origin and development of landscapes—Palo Duro Canyon is but a gully magnified many times over. This is evident because the shape of the canyon, the nature of its tributaries, and the character of its walls indicate that it has been deepened and lengthened by the downcutting of a stream and widened by other geologic processes.
Palo Duro Canyon is a classic example of a land-form that has been created by the geologic work of running water. Undoubtedly the most important single agent of erosion, running water probably does more to wear away the land than all the other geologic agents combined. Although the amount of precipitation varies greatly from place to place, the average annual precipitation on land is about 40 inches of water. Of this, roughly 25 percent runs off from the land to form streams.
When one drives through the park and fords the normally gently flowing waters of the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River he may well wonder if this unimposing stream actually is the geologic agent that is responsible for this deep gorge.
But the visitor who happens to be present during a severe rainstorm will soon be convinced, for during heavy rains this gentle stream becomes a raging torrent. As the river increases in size it also becomes a more effective land-shaping tool, for the larger and swifter the stream, the more rock material it can carry. Thus, when flowing at peak capacity, this branch of the Red River becomes a moving ribbon of sandpaper whose load of sand, silt , and gravel has cut and scoured the canyon walls and floor for hundreds of thousands of years.
How long has it taken the river to carve this remarkable chasm? Although there is no way of knowing for sure, geologic evidence indicates that the canyon has formed during the last one million years—a relatively short time, geologically speaking. The work of the river is made still more effective by water and sediment which it receives from its tributaries; this added water substantially increases the volume and velocity of the river. Although many of the tributary streams are dry throughout much of the year, they carry large quantities of water during heavy rains.
Moreover, because most of these streams flow over rock surfaces which are not protected by thick soil or vegetation, their waters are quickly transported to the master stream.
Thus, the volume and velocity of the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River make it possible—especially during flood periods —for the river to carry a large load of rock particles which effectively erodes the stream channel. Where does this rock debris come from?
The river carries its load in a number of ways. Material such as salt and other soluble matter is transported in a dissolved state or in solution. Still more, for example, silt and fine sand, is carried in suspension. These sediments are suspended between the surface of the water and the bottom of the stream channel. Those particles that will not dissolve in water and are too heavy to be carried in suspension, constitute the bottom load of the stream.
These larger sediments, such as gravel, cobbles, and boulders, roll, bounce, or slide along the stream bed. As flash floods course through Palo Duro Canyon, the river uses its load to erode further the rocks over which it passes.
Each 30 moving rock fragment literally becomes a cutting tool for abrasion as the loose rock particles slowly wear away the banks and bed of the stream.
Eventually the abraded rock fragments become smooth and rounded and the stream channel is gradually worn down to a lower level; it is also widened.
This process is similar to the effect produced when soil is churned up and washed away when water from a garden hose is sprayed on loose earth. The effects of hydraulic action have played an important role in widening the canyon, for recession of the cliffs away from the middle of the canyons has been caused in part by undercutting. Thus, as the soft shale and gypsum beds were removed by the stream, the overlying sandstone formations gradually broke off and fell into the canyon. Once on the canyon floor, most of the slabs and blocks of sandstone were eventually broken up and carried away by the streams as sand and mud.
Not all of the boulders have been destroyed in this manner; in places for example, the Rock Garden similar boulders are seen today fig. Most of the energy of the river has been expended in downcutting, for the canyon has apparently been deepened more rapidly than it has been widened.
But as the stream gouged its channel deeper into the bedrock, an ever-increasing expanse of canyon wall was exposed to other agents of erosion. Slowly—almost imperceptibly—the walls of the canyon have been eroded by the processes of weathering and mass-wasting.
They are dissolved by rainwater, pried apart by frost and ice, and blasted by windblown sand. Some of the changes produced by weathering are purely mechanical, that is, the rock is simply reduced to smaller fragments without being broken down chemically or undergoing any change in its mineral composition. This mechanical weathering , or disintegration , takes place in a number of ways. Changes are especially noticeable in rocks that are subjected to large daily temperature variations.
If a crack in these rocks becomes filled with water and the temperature drops below freezing, ice forms. When water freezes it expands by about 10 percent of its volume—this is the reason why water pipes often split open during the winter.
Just as in a water pipe, the pressure of the expanding ice is commonly great enough to widen and deepen the crack in the rock. This process, called frost wedging , may ultimately cause the rock to split and fall apart.
The cumulative effects of frost wedging have probably played a significant role in prying off large blocks of rocks from the walls and rim of the canyon. Animals and plants may also hasten rock disintegration. Plant roots commonly grow in rock crevices and as the roots become larger they wedge the rock apart. Burrowing animals such as rabbits, gophers, and ground squirrels also promote rock disintegration. Although they do not attack the rocks directly, their digging exposes new rock surfaces to weathering processes.
The holes these creatures make also permit water and air to enter the earth more easily, thereby hastening rock destruction. Man, of course, promotes more rock disintegration than all other animals combined.
Decomposition , or chemical weathering , works hand in hand with mechanical weathering. But unlike disintegration, decomposition produces rock materials that are basically different from the original unweathered rock.
These changes are 31 brought about as the result of chemical reactions between minerals in the rocks and water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Although the arid climate and severe winters of the Panhandle generally facilitate mechanical weathering, some of the red shales and gypsum deposits show the effect of oxidation, hydration, and other forms of chemical weathering fig.
Mass-wasting , the erosional process by which rock and soil move downslope in response to the force of gravity, has also been instrumental in shaping Palo Duro Canyon.
This type of erosion has been especially active on the walls of the canyon, for here the slopes are steep enough to promote downward movement of earth materials. In a few places there have been landslides which have moved large quantities of rock in a short span of time.
But most mass movements have been imperceptibly slow as masses of talus accumulations of rock debris on steeper slopes have inched slowly downhill because of their own weight. Talus deposits produced in this way can be seen at the foot of most of the cliffs and erosional remnants throughout the canyon fig. Indeed, it is the nature of this differential erosion that gives Palo Duro Canyon the rugged sculptured appearance that accounts for much of its beauty.
Visitors to Palo Duro Canyon commonly ask why the rock formations are so diversely shaped. The answer to this question lies in the rocks themselves.
Because the various rock strata are of unequal hardness, they erode at different rates of speed. The Lighthouse fig. Talus slopes arrow are well developed on the east side of Capitol Peak and in places obscure the Quartermaster red beds. Softer rocks like shales and clay are more readily eroded and they normally form slopes rather than cliffs or ledges fig.
Grooves, recesses, and caves have also developed in some of the less resistant rocks such as the shales and gypsum beds of the Quartermaster Formation. Catarina Cave fig. Caves of this type afforded protection to both man and wild animals since the dawn of history, for their remains have been found in a number of similar caves. Thus, within a relatively short time—geologically speaking—the familiar land-shaping processes described above have joined forces to provide Texas with one of its most remarkable natural attractions.
But interestingly enough, the same geologic processes that created these unusual formations are busily at work destroying them. As time passes and erosion progresses, the caps of the pedestals are worn away and the underlying shales crumble and are washed into the valley below. Yet even as the old land-forms are being destroyed, wind, water, ice, and man are attacking the canyon walls to produce still more of these interesting erosional remnants.
The visitor to Palo Duro Canyon can choose from a number of recreational and educational activities. Moreover, regardless of whether one visits for a few hours to picnic along the banks of the river, or spends a week at one of the well-kept campgrounds, the visit will probably be both pleasant and rewarding. In the pages that follow there is a brief description of certain of the park landmarks and some of the more popular attractions within the canyon. The numbers in parentheses refer to numbers which designate these places on the map of Palo Duro Canyon fig.
Hopefully, this information will help one to plan his visit to the canyon and thereby make his stay more enjoyable and worthwhile. The first stop in the park is the gate at the ranger station fig. Here one pays a modest admission fee and receives literature and information about the park. The park is open every day of the year, but the entrance gates close at sundown. The overlook at Coronado Lodge fig.
Situated on a ledge of Ogallala caliche p. Its picture windows and outdoor overlook provide a matchless view of the canyon and make it possible to become oriented for the descent to the canyon floor.
Large, coin-operated telescopes permit close-up views of distant parts of the canyon, and there are museum cases containing objects of historical and geological interest from the Palo Duro area.
If possible one should visit the Coronado Observation Point more than once during the visit, preferably at different times of the day. Because of shifting clouds and changing lighting conditions, the canyon presents a continually changing panorama from sunrise to sunset. Open year-round, the Lodge offers a complete line of souvenirs, film, and camping supplies. There is also a snack bar where coffee, sandwiches, and cold drinks can be purchased.
After viewing the canyon from Coronado Lodge, one should take the scenic drive on Park Road 5. This paved, all-weather road descends the northwest rim of the canyon and continues on to the turnaround at Cow Camp, a distance of about 8 miles. Although the present scenic drive was completed in , the path that it follows is essentially that which was laid out by Colonel Charles Goodnight when he established Palo Duro ranch in The road descends to the canyon floor in a series of well-engineered turns, but because it drops some feet in little more than a mile it is wise to use second or low gear on the descent.
One should also observe the posted speed limits 10 to 20 miles per hour and keep to the right side of the road at all times. In the foot drop from rim to floor, the complete geologic section of the canyon is traversed, as one passes from the Pleistocene sands through the Ogallala, Trujillo, and Tecovas Formations , before reaching the Quartermaster Formation which is exposed in the canyon floor.
Each of these geologic formations is discussed elsewhere in this publication pp. Here, located at the foot of a colorful foot cliff, is a remarkable seat outdoor theatre of latest design fig. Each evening during a ten-week summer season, a symphonic drama portraying the history of the Texas Panhandle is presented in the amphitheatre.
Information about these productions can be obtained at the Park Entrance, Coronado Lodge, and other points within the park. Instead, this 2-mile journey provides an opportunity to get away from the road for a closer look at the geologic formations exposed along the track. There are especially good views of the Spanish Skirts fig. These, and other features of geologic interest, are pointed out by an experienced lecturer who also presents a brief review of the geologic history of the area.
Long used by Indians and ranchers as a Palo Duro landmark, the canyon visitor will find Triassic Peak to be equally useful as a geologic landmark. When viewed from the Sad Monkey Railroad Terminal, the south face of Triassic Peak clearly reveals three of the four major geologic formations of the canyon fig. Located on the canyon floor, Pioneer Amphitheatre is a modern outdoor theatre where symphonic dramas are presented each summer.
Courtesy Mrs. The lower one-third of the peak consists of deeply furrowed, red and white banded shales of the Quartermaster Formation p. Overlying the Permian red beds are the brightly colored, multi-hued Tecovas shales of Triassic age p.
The composition of the Tecovas is such that the lower shales tend to weather into relatively gentle slopes with rather smooth surfaces. Triassic Peak is capped by a weather-resistant layer of Trujillo sandstone , and this durable cliff-forming sandstone has served as a protective covering to impede the erosion of the softer rocks of the Tecovas and Quartermaster Formations.
Although it has withstood the ravages of time exceedingly well, the large blocks of Trujillo sandstone which litter the flanks and foot of Triassic Peak clearly indicate that weathering and mass-wasting have exacted their toll in the geologic past.
Excellent exposures of the Quartermaster Formation of Permian age 1 and the Triassic Tecovas 2 and Trujillo 3 Formations can be seen in the south face of Triassic Peak. The feature known as the Sad Monkey is indicated by the arrow. Sad Monkey, Texas derives its name from the prominent mass of Trujillo sandstone at the southern extremity of Triassic Peak. When viewed in the proper perspective—and with the proper amount of imagination—this massive block of sandstone bears a striking resemblance to an aged and saddened monkey.
The lower part of this multi-colored bluff consists of alternating layers of red and white Quartermaster shale , capped by the colorful maroon and lavender Tecovas shales. Located on the north flank of Timber Mesa, the Spanish Skirts and nearby Catarina Cave can be reached by an easy half-mile path. The trail begins on the west side of Park Road 5, just beyond the Timber Creek bridge located several hundred feet from the Sad Monkey Station.
A short distance west of the Spanish Skirts lies Catarina Cave. This depression has been washed out of the relatively soluble Permian shales fig. On the eastern tip of the mesa the sandstone has been eroded in such a fashion that it resembles the profile of an Indian fig.
The gaudy Spanish Skirts are a colorful expanse of Quartermaster and Tecovas strata exposed on the north flank of Timber Mesa. Note the contrast in weathering in the lower, gullied Quartermaster Formation and the smooth slopes of the Tecovas shales above it.
Catarina Cave arrow is at the right. The Sky Ride, located near the first water crossing on Park Road 5, transports visitors from the canyon floor to the top of Timber Mesa fig. The foot ascent is made in ski-lift chairs that are comfortable and safe. The observation area atop the mesa offers an unusually fine view of most parts of the canyon.
Catarina Cave arrow is easily reached by a half-mile trail from Park Road 5. The cable for the Sky Ride p. As it winds through the canyon, the park road crosses the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River seven times in a distance of about 4 miles.
These fords, or water crossings as they are called locally, are paved and are normally safe to pass through. They should, however, be avoided during times of heavy rains and flash flooding. Because of stream erosion, especially fine exposures of the Quartermaster Formation are revealed in the stream banks near several of the crossings.
The first of these crossings fig. This area was also popular with earlier residents of the park, for it is believed to have been the campgrounds of both the Kiowa and Comanche Indians.
As mentioned earlier p. For more than 80 years, Palo Duro Canyon State Park has attracted adventurers to its trails winding through a region where giant bison and mammoths, now-extinct, once roamed. Here, under a dazzling star-filled sky, cowboys and campers sleep in cabins on the rim of an foot drop. One of the last refuges for the Comanches and Kiowas, Palo Duro was the site of a harrowing battle during the Red River War that pushed American Indians out of the Texas Panhandle and made way for the reigning cattle ranch era, according to the Texas State Historical Association.
Click through the slideshow for some epic facts behind this under-appreciated yet historically rich natural phenomenon. By Bill Bigelow. Translated by Floralba Vivas. Rethinking Schools. Handout in Spanish for the U. Mexico War Tea Party. By Alan J. How a teacher and his students organized a tour of the hidden history of slavery in New York. By Thom Thacker and Michael A.
An art contest is used as the basis from which students can examine primary historical documents advertisements for runaway slaves to gain a deeper understanding of the institution of slavery in the North. Lesson by Bill Bigelow and student reading by Howard Zinn. Interactive activity introduces students to the history and often untold story of the U.
Roles available in Spanish. By Gilda L. Reflections on teaching students about the walkouts by Chicano students in California. A role play on the history of the Vietnam War that is left out of traditional textbooks.
By Bill Bigelow and Linda Christensen.
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