But these scholars also question the unity of the book. If some parts seem "early" from Moses' time , they ascribe those parts to an old tradition that has conveniently been preserved.
If other parts seem "late" during or after the time of Josiah , they are called "later editions" or due to "late editing. No concrete evidence rules out the composition of Deuteronomy at the time of Moses, making reasonable allowances for additions by someone like Joshua, who appended Moses' obituary to the book, and for some later updating of Hebrew grammar and place names.
The background and setting of the book reflect conditions prior to the conquest of Canaan under Joshua. There is no mention of a king in Judah or of the city of Jerusalem, which is mentioned over one hundred times by the prophet Jeremiah who wrote in Josiah's day. It is unlikely that a sixth-century author would make no allusion whatever to that capital city or its temple. The twelve tribes are represented as one nation instead of, as in Josiah's period, the kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
The Transjordan cities of refuge are named, while those in Canaan which were named later by Joshua are not. The Babylonian names of months are not used, and there are no Persian loan words in the vocabulary, even though such words would be expected to appear in a work supposedly written during a period when these empires were dominant.
Moses, Aaron, and Joshua are named, but no later persons or later historical incidents are mentioned. It is unlikely that a later author, even one well-versed in the lore of the past, could so completely avoid the use of later terms and the mention of persons and events of his own period.
Perhaps most significant is the general conformity of Deuteronomy's structure to the covenant or treaty form of the mid-second millennium B. We find the following treaty elements in Deuteronomy: a a preamble identifying the covenant mediator Deut.
The main divisions from the covenant documents of Moses' lifetime, then, are discernible in the fifth book of the Pentateuch, Deuteronomy. We conclude, therefore, that Deuteronomy was written by Moses, Israel's lawgiver, before his death in B. Through types and prophecy Deuteronomy also points us to Christ.
He is the Passover Lamb and the coming Prophet Deuteronomy has been much used both by Christians and ancient Jews. It is quoted in the New Testament over fifty times, a number exceeded only by Psalms and Isaiah.
The book contains much exhortation. The detailed legal material Deut. The book is a repetition of the law and history of Israel.
It consists mainly of three great speeches and a legal compendium given by Moses at the end of his life, while the people were encamped in the plains of Moab, just before Joshua took command and led the people in the conquest of Canaan. The conquest of Transjordan had been successfully concluded, and Moses challenged the people in these farewell addresses.
The opening address Deut. Deuteronomy does not speak of how Moses confronted Pharaoh and how the miracles of the ten plagues forced Pharaoh to let the people go, but it alludes to the Exodus repeatedly five times in the first address: Deut.
Then he details their defeat both spiritually and militarily at Kadesh-barnea. There are references here to events recorded in Numbers, but like the record in Numbers, almost nothing is said about events of the forty years of wilderness wandering.
The journey around Edom toward Transjordan is mentioned, and the defeat of the kings Sihon and Og is recorded in fuller detail than in Numbers. Then comes the allocation of land in Transjordan for the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh as in Num. The feast of Ingathering or Tabernacles occurs on 7th month in the calendar given by God based on seasons in ancient Israel.
However, the feast of Ingathering occurs at year end in Egyptian calendar based on the seasonal cycles of river Nile. This proved to us that the book of Exodus was written around BC. In the book of Deuteronomy, we can see that the name of the feast was no longer Ingathering but Tabernacles and there is no reference of that feast to happen on the 7th month.
This is interesting because of the following reasons:. This suggests, the book of Deuteronomy was written during the lifetime of Moses itself, at the end of the 40th year which is BC.
Judg And Judah went with his brother Simeon, and they attacked the Canaanites who inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it.
So the name of the city was called Hormah. As we can see, Hormah was named after the death of Joshua. However, Hormah also occurs in the book of Numbers.
Num And the LORD listened to the voice of Israel and delivered up the Canaanites, and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. So the name of that place was called Hormah. The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey. It is also worth noting that the first 3 verses are from Yahwist source, the rest of the continuation from the book of Numbers are from Elohist source and the same event in Num was from the redactor.
Hormah is well within the promised land, between Beersheba and Hebron and Mount Hor is at the border of Edom as per Num Hence, it is simply not possible to go from Mt Hor well within the promised land to capture Hormah and then return. Joshua lived years and was 85 when he came into the promised land. This means, Hormah was named after BC. And he took a large stone, and set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the LORD.
The book of Joshua acknowledges that even Joshua added to the book of the Law. For instance, he could not have written the final chapter, which dealt with his death. However, these and other small changes do not affect the generally accepted authorship of Moses. Deuteronomy was written around BC, at the end of the forty years of wandering endured by the nation of Israel. At the time, the people were camped on the east side of the Jordan River, on the plains of Moab, across from the city of Jericho Deuteronomy ; They were on the verge of entering the land that had been promised centuries earlier to their forefathers Genesis , 6—9.
The children who had left Egypt were now adults, ready to conquer and settle the Promised Land. Before that could happen, the Lord reiterated through Moses His covenant with them. In the midst of widespread polytheism, Israel was distinctive in that they worshiped one God, Yahweh. Deuteronomy codifies this belief in the Shema , the basic confession of faith in Judaism even today. Deuteronomy also restates the Ten Commandments and many other laws given in Exodus and Leviticus.
Chapters 27 and 28 specify the blessings of obedience and the curses of disobedience. Unlike the unconditional covenant God made with Abraham, the covenant between Yahweh and Israel was bilateral—a two-way street. God would keep His promise to bless the nation if the people remained faithful.
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